Evaluation of physical-chemical and biological characteristics of two soils grown with pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Williams under conventional management

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad eléctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biológicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biológicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biológica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos.The objective of this work was to study the physico-chemical and biological properties of two surface soils fertilized with nitrogen and organic amendment in the Upper Río Negro Valley (orchards H1 and H2). In both orchards, nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons and on H2 chicken manure was applied. Soil samples were collected in spring and autumn and determined: total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, sodium adsorption ratio and nitrate, microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and the rate of mineralization. The concentration of total organic carbon, nitrogen and potassium were suitable for the production of pears. The behavior of biological variables was different in the orchards. In orchard H1 were higher in spring, in both seasons, and the mineralization rate was slightly higher than 1 in autumn, indicating some balance between mineralization and humification of carbon. In H2 biological measurements were similar between seasons as a result of making nitrogen (N) fertilization in spring and autumn. The organic amendment did not increase the biological activity in the spring. Microbial and enzymatic activities in H1 and H2 were sensitive to changes occurring in soils.Fil: Aruani, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Gili, Perla. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Machuca, Yésica. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Spera, Nazarena. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agraria

RomA, A Periplasmic Protein Involved in the Synthesis of the Lipopolysaccharide, Tunes Down the Inflammatory Response Triggered by Brucella

Brucellaceae are stealthy pathogens with the ability to survive and replicate in the host in the context of a strong immune response. This capacity relies on several virulence factors that are able to modulate the immune system and in their structural components that have low proinflammatory activities. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the outer membrane, is a central virulence factor of Brucella, and it has been well established that it induces a low inflammatory response. We describe here the identification and characterization of a novel periplasmic protein (RomA) conserved in alpha-proteobacteria, which is involved in the homeostasis of the outer membrane. A mutant in this gene showed several phenotypes, such as membrane defects, altered LPS composition, reduced adhesion, and increased virulence and inflammation. We show that RomA is involved in the synthesis of LPS, probably coordinating part of the biosynthetic complex in the periplasm. Its absence alters the normal synthesis of this macromolecule and affects the homeostasis of the outer membrane, resulting in a strain with a hyperinflammatory phenotype. Our results suggest that the proper synthesis of LPS is central to maximize virulence and minimize inflammation.Fil: Valguarnera, Pablo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Spera, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Czibener, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Fulgenzi, Fabiana Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Casabuono, Adriana Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Altabe, Silvia Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Pasquevich, Karina Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Guaimas, Francisco Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Cassataro, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Couto, Alicia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Ugalde, Juan Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Argentin

Evaluación de las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales cultivados con pera (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Williams bajo manejo convencional

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad eléctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biológicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biológicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biológica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos.El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biológicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad eléctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biológicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biológicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biológica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos

Is chronic exposure to raw water a possible risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? A pilot case-control study

Background: The etiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still largely unknown. Methods: We performed a case-control study (33 cases and 35 controls) in Umbria, Italy. We investigated associations between common lifestyle, clinical factors, as well as environmental exposures potentially implicated with ALS onset. Face-to-face interviews were carried out. All cases were recruited and diagnosed according to El Escorial criteria. Case-control comparisons were made for educational and residential status, occupational exposures, and clinical and lifestyle factors prior to cases’ dates of diagnosis. Results: Our results showed an increased risk of ALS for subjects chronically exposed to raw water use (odds ratio (OR) = 6.55, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.24–19.12). Garden activities showed a tight association with ALS as well, very likely as a consequence of chronic raw water exposure. Indeed, we could exclude an impact for pesticides, as no significant differences were observed in pesticide exposure in the two groups interviewed. However, cases were more often exposed to fertilizers. After adjustment for age, sex, and heavy physical activities, exposure to raw water was still associated with increased ALS risk (OR = 4.74, 95% CI: 1.33–16.85). Discussion: These findings suggest an association between ALS and exposure to raw water, which should be further investigated for the presence of chemicals interfering with nervous system functionality

Human neural stem cell transplantation in ALS: initial results from a phase I trial

We report the initial results from a phase I clinical trial for ALS. We transplanted GMP-grade, fetal human neural stem cells from natural in utero death (hNSCs) into the anterior horns of the spinal cord to test for the safety of both cells and neurosurgical procedures in these patients. The trial was approved by the Istituto Superiore di Sanit\ue0 and the competent Ethics Committees and was monitored by an external Safety Board

The vaccinaTion & Hpv Knowledge (THinK) questionnaire: a reliability and validity study on a sample of women living in Sicily (southern-Italy)

Objective The aim of this study was to introduce the VaccinaTion & Hpv Knowledge (THinK) questionnaire to assess knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) and attitude to HPV-vaccination. Its reliability and validity was demonstrated in a sample of women living in Sicily (southern Italy). Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 220 women at the “Paolo Giaccone” University Hospital in Palermo (Sicily), aged 18–61. Data were analyzed through Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis, followed by a structural equation model with measurement component. The two-level data structure was explicitly considered. Results Three dimensions were found: “knowledge of HPV infection (kHPV), “Attitude to be vaccinated against HPV (aHPV)” and “Knowledge about vaccines (KV)” (97% overall explained variance). Internal consistency was good for the whole questionnaire (0.82) and the first dimension (0.88) and acceptable for the second (0.78) and the third dimension (0.73). 23% of women showed no or little knowledge of HPV and 44.3% of women had no or little knowledge about HPV induced lesions. Discussion The use of a validated questionnaire may serve as a useful measure to assess general knowledge about HPV and attitude towards vaccination against HPV in the primary prevention setting

Effect of RNS60 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background and purpose Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options. RNS60 is an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective investigational product that has shown efficacy in animal models of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Its administration has been safe and well tolerated in ALS subjects in previous early phase trials. Methods This was a phase II, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Participants diagnosed with definite, probable or probable laboratory-supported ALS were assigned to receive RNS60 or placebo administered for 24 weeks intravenously (375 ml) once a week and via nebulization (4 ml/day) on non-infusion days, followed by an additional 24 weeks off-treatment. The primary objective was to measure the effects of RNS60 treatment on selected biomarkers of inflammation and neurodegeneration in peripheral blood. Secondary objectives were to measure the effect of RNS60 on functional impairment (ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised), a measure of self-sufficiency, respiratory function (forced vital capacity, FVC), quality of life (ALS Assessment Questionnaire-40, ALSAQ-40) and survival. Tolerability and safety were assessed. Results Seventy-four participants were assigned to RNS60 and 73 to placebo. Assessed biomarkers did not differ between arms. The mean rate of decline in FVC and the eating and drinking domain of ALSAQ-40 was slower in the RNS60 arm (FVC, difference 0.41 per week, standard error 0.16, p = 0.0101; ALSAQ-40, difference -0.19 per week, standard error 0.10, p = 0.0319). Adverse events were similar in the two arms. In a post hoc analysis, neurofilament light chain increased over time in bulbar onset placebo participants whilst remaining stable in those treated with RNS60. Conclusions The positive effects of RNS60 on selected measures of respiratory and bulbar function warrant further investigation

AIRO Breast Cancer Group Best Clinical Practice 2022 Update

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women and represents the leading cause of cancer death. Radiation therapy plays a key-role in the treatment of all breast cancer stages. Therefore, the adoption of evidence-based treatments is warranted, to ensure equity of access and standardization of care in clinical practice.Method: This national document on the highest evidence-based available data was developed and endorsed by the Italian Association of Radiation and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) Breast Cancer Group.We analyzed literature data regarding breast radiation therapy, using the SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) methodology (www.sign.ac.uk). Updated findings from the literature were examined, including the highest levels of evidence (meta-analyses, randomized trials, and international guidelines) with a significant impact on clinical practice. The document deals with the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of primary breast cancer, local relapse, and metastatic disease, with focus on diagnosis, staging, local and systemic therapies, and follow up. Information is given on indications, techniques, total doses, and fractionations.Results: An extensive literature review from 2013 to 2021 was performed. The work was organized according to a general index of different topics and most chapters included individual questions and, when possible, synoptic and summary tables. Indications for radiation therapy in breast cancer were examined and integrated with other oncological treatments. A total of 50 questions were analyzed and answered.Four large areas of interest were investigated: (1) general strategy (multidisciplinary approach, contraindications, preliminary assessments, staging and management of patients with electronic devices); (2) systemic therapy (primary, adjuvant, in metastatic setting); (3) clinical aspects (invasive, non-invasive and micro-invasive carcinoma; particular situations such as young and elderly patients, breast cancer in males and cancer during pregnancy; follow up with possible acute and late toxicities; loco-regional relapse and metastatic disease); (4) technical aspects (radiation after conservative surgery or mastectomy, indications for boost, lymph node radiotherapy and partial breast irradiation).Appendixes about tumor bed boost and breast and lymph nodes contouring were implemented, including a dedicated web application. The scientific work was reviewed and validated by an expert group of breast cancer key-opinion leaders.Conclusions: Optimal breast cancer management requires a multidisciplinary approach sharing therapeutic strategies with the other involved specialists and the patient, within a coordinated and dedicated clinical path. In recent years, the high-level quality radiation therapy has shown a significant impact on local control and survival of breast cancer patients. Therefore, it is necessary to offer and guarantee accurate treatments according to the best standards of evidence-based medicine